Cooling towers dissipate heat from water-cooled systems by evaporative cooling. Types include natural draft, forced draft, induced draft (crossflow or counterflow), and closed-circuit designs.
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Used in power plants, HVAC systems, and manufacturing facilities. Key components include fill media, fans, drift eliminators, and basins. Challenges include legionella risk, scaling, and water consumption.
Nevertheless, hybrid dry-wet designs and variable frequency drives are improving water efficiency and plume abatement.